138 actas del ii congreso internacional de literatura mística (a) Originates from verifiable facts, (or observations that are substantiated by the senses, reason, and/or experience), and beliefs (for which there is significant evidence), vs. assumption, opinion, theory, and speculation; (b) Fosters mental health and well-being vs. pathology, in which the principal indicators are psychological distress and behavioral dysfunction; (c) Creates dimensions of belonging, inclusion, participation, recognition, and legitimacy, as opposed to social disintegration, which includes the dimensions of isolation, exclusion, non-involvement, rejection, and illegitimacy; (d) Provides a context for meaning, (which validates actions), and purpose, (in which the present is seen as advancing toward an ultimate goal), as opposed to aimlessness; (e) Responds quantitatively and qualitatively to the questions proffered by the sevenfold framework. 1.6.2 Self-Actualization. Maslow (1943), in his hierarchy of needs, which dominates the discussion on self-actualization, proffers that his self-contrived list of ‘basic-level’ human needs must be met before ‘higher-level’ needs are fulfilled. He equates self-actualization to the universally egotistic notion of the personal realization of self-potential. Multiple criticisms of Maslow’s ethnocentric theory exist, and evidence suggests that human needs are ontologically universal and invariant in nature rather than hierarchical (Hofstede, 1984; Max-Neef, Elizalde, & Hopenhayn, 1991). In this study self-actualization will be defined as the attainment of transcendent meaning and purpose; self-realization will refer to the achievement of self-potential (Myers, 1993; Seligman, 2002). 1.6.3 Tolerance. In its historical context, toleration signified the ‘suffering’ or ‘forbearance’ by those holding a dominant belief-system that allowed other belief-systems to subsist, although the latter were considered inferior, erroneous, and/or harmful. The evolution of the term has led to four models of tolerance, including: (a) permission, e.g., the hostile neutrality of the Edict of Galerius; (b) coexistence,
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