188 actas del ii congreso internacional de literatura mística Table 2 (continued) Themes and Meaning Units Evidence in Text Source (3) Purification Hindu The Eight Limbs are: (a) yama, i.e., the five abstentions including ahimsa (non-violence), satya (truth vs. lies), asteya (non-covetousness), brahmacharya (non-sensuality and celibacy), and aparigraha (non-possessiveness); (b) niyama, i.e., the five observances including shaucha (purity), santosha (contentment), tapas (austerity), svadhyaya (study of the Vedic scriptures to know about God and the soul), and Ishvara-Pranidhana (surrender to God); (c) asana, i.e., the seated position used for meditation; (d) pranayama, i.e., suspending breath; (e) pratyahara, i.e., abstraction and withdrawal of the sense organs from external objects; (f) dharana, i.e., concentration and the fixing of attention on a single object; (g) dhyana, i.e., meditation and intense contemplation of the nature of the object of meditation, ; and (h) samadhi, i.e., liberation and merging consciousness with the object of meditation, which culminates in the union of the self, or jivātma, and with the Divine, or paramātma. Radhakrishnan & Moore, 1967; Vasu, 1919 Islamic The first stage occurs when the aspirant’s will and self-centric ego are destroyed through contemplation, and every movement or act of the mystic becomes a manifestation of the movements of his/her murshid, or spiritual director. Muhaya, 1993
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