La convocatoria de una semilla: Fundamentos y dinámicas del desarrollo constitucional de Puerto Rico | Cuarta Edición

69 la convocatoria de una semilla: fundamentos y dinámicas del desarrollo constitucional de puerto rico conforme a la doctrina del debido proceso de ley sustantivo. 117 Puerto Rico fue el objeto de este gran debate en el año 1900. Nuestro pueblo era eminentemente rural, de casi un millón de habitantes; San Juan tenía solo 32,048. La tasa de analfabetismo era la más alta de las Indias Occidentales llegando al 83.2 %. El producto de exportación de mayor valor era el café, seguido por el azúcar y el tabaco. 118 El liderato local reaccionó a las nuevas realidades y creó dos nuevos partidos: el Partido Federal y el Republicano, ambos fieles a sus líderes, Muñoz Rivera y Barbosa. Esa lealtad al líder es uno de los contrastes de la política puertorriqueña con la de los Estados Unidos. Las primeras elecciones bajo la Ley Foraker fueron tormentosas. La redistribución electoral, controlada por el Partido Republicano, junto a 117 McDonald v. Chicago , 561 U.S. 742 (2010) Slip opinion , pp. 16 y 17, notas 12 y 13: A continuación, las partes pertinentes: «The Court eventually incorporated almost all of the provisions of the Bill of Rights». 12 Only a handful of the Bill of Rights protections remain unincorporated. 13 12 «With respect to the First Amendment, see Eversonv.BoardofEd.ofEwing , 330 U. S. 1 (1947) (Establishment Clause); Cantwell v. Connecticut , 310 U. S. 296 (1940) (Free Exercise Clause); De Jonge v. Oregon , 299 U. S. 353 (1937) (freedom of assembly); Gitlow v. New York , 268 U. S. 652 (1925) (free speech); Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson , 283 U. S. 697 (1931) (freedom of the press). With respect to the Fourth Amendment, see Aguilar v. Texas , 378 U. S. 108 (1964) (warrant requirement); Mapp v. Ohio , 367 U. S. 643 (1961) (exclusionary rule); Wolf v. Colorado , 338 U. S. 25 (1949) (freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures). With respect to the Fifth Amendment, see Benton v. Maryland , 395 17 Cite as: 561 U. S. ____ (2010) Opinion of the Court U. S. 784 (1969) (Double Jeopardy Clause); Malloy v. Hogan , 378 U. S. 1 (1964) (privilege against self-incrimination); Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Chicago , 166 U. S. 226 (1897) (Just Compensation Clause). With respect to the Sixth Amendment, see Duncan v. Louisiana , 391 U. S. 145 (1968) (trial by jury in criminal cases); Washington v. Texas , 388 U. S. 14 (1967) (compulsory process); Klopfer v. North Carolina , 386 U. S. 213 (1967) (speedy trial); Pointer v. Texas , 380 U. S. 400 (1965) (right to confront adverse witness); Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U. S. 335 (1963) (assistance of counsel); In re Oliver , 333 U. S. 257 (1948) (right to a public trial). With respect to the Eighth Amendment, see Robinson v. California , 370 U. S. 660 (1962) (cruel and unusual punishment); Schilb v. Kuebel , 404 U. S. 357 (1971) (prohibition against excessive bail). We never have decided whether the Third Amendment or the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of excessive fines applies to the States through the Due Process Clause. See Browning-Ferris Industries of Vt., Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc. , 492 U. S. 257, 276, n. 22 (1989) (declining to decide whether the excessive-fines protection applies to the States); see also Engblom v. Carey , 677 F. 2d 957, 961 (CA2 1982) (holding as a matter of first impression that the «Third Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment for application to the states»). Our governing decisions regarding the Grand Jury Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the Seventh Amendment’s civil jury requirement long predate the era of selective incorporation. With respect to the Eighth Amendment, see Robinson v. California , 370 U. S. 660 (1962) (cruel and unusual punishment); Schilb v. Kuebel , 404 U. S. 357 (1971) (prohibition against excessive bail)». 13 «In addition to the right to keep and bear arms (and the Sixth Amendment right to a unanimous jury verdict, see n. 14, infra ), the only rights not fully incorporated are (1) the Third Amendment’s protection against quartering of soldiers; (2) the Fifth Amendment’s grand jury indictment requirement; (3) the Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial in civil cases; and (4) the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on excessive fines». 118 José Trías Monge, Historia constitucional de Puerto Rico , Tomo I , supra , pp. 4 y 5.