Primavera otoño 2020 (Año LXIII Núms. 122-123)

horizontes@pucpr.edu Año LXIV Núm. 124-125 horizontes PRIMAVERA / OTOÑO 2021 PUCPR 44 Mizuno-Matsumoto et al. calculated the time lag between electroencephalography and electrocardiography responses by determining changes in the relationship between the cerebral cortex and the sympathetic nervous system during emotional-recall processing. The sympathetic nervous system response to unpleasant stimuli was faster than pleasant stimuli. Cerebral cortex activity propagated among frontal, central, parietal, and temporal areas. The prefrontal cortex had connections with the hippocampus, regulating emotions, actions, and thoughts. The temporal lobule was involved with the amygdala to manage memory. Mizuno-Matsumoto et al. established that the hippocampus regulated the cerebral cortex for activated o deactivated the autonomic nervous system. The results described the relation between the cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system during an emotional memory. Researchers used deep breathing techniques for different emotions to control emotions. Chin and Kales (2019) indicated that the breathing technique activated the body’s parasympathetic nervous system through entrainment effects between respiratory and heart rates. According to Serafim et al. (2019), deep breathing increased activation of the autonomic parasympathetic nervous system, which increased neural plasticity and altered information processing. Both researchers established that deep breathing was related to the autonomic nervous system, especially with the parasympathetic nervous system. Chin and Kales (2019) established a model to examine the individual and combined effects of paced breathing and rhythmic skeletal muscle contraction. Paced breathing activated the parasympathetic nervous system through entrainment effects between respiratory rate and heart rate. Heart rate variability determined the autonomic state, entrainment with rhythmic muscle contraction while synchronized with respiration at a resonant frequency. Heart rate variability produced greater activation of the parasympathetic system more effectively than either technique alone when challenged with a cognitively induced sympathetic state. They evaluated preconditioning type related to task performance. Cyclic respiration synchronized with alternating muscle contraction may be an underlying phenomenon causing increased parasympathetic balance. Research indicated breathing might be fundamental in modulating continuous brain function, such as retaining a newly learned motor skill, attention, emotion, and mental health. An electroencephalogram detected brain oscillations consisting of the delta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands. Cheng et al. (2018) investigated three different deep breathing durations on the mean relative power in the theta, alpha, and beta bands. They used 5-, 7-, and 9-min durations, compared to a control group with no deep breathing to avoid carry- over effects. The duration of deep breathing could play a role in modulating the theta and beta power and the topography. The result could serve as a guide in determining the efficiency of different deep breathing intervention durations, suggesting that at least a minimum of 9 min of deep breathing is needed to obtain neurophysiological changes and their associated benefits. Breathing control was also an integral component of the breathing technique active cycle, a secretion clearance technique for chronic respiratory conditions (Jones et al., 2017). A diaphragmatic excursion was the diaphragm movement during breathing. Researchers explored noninvasive sonographic technology to determine the effect of breathing control on the diaphragmatic excursion in adults with normal health following exercise. This technique has been used clinically for dyspnea management. After exercise-induced shortness of breath, the BC technique reduced respiratory