69 / 220
69
la convocatoria de una semilla:
fundamentos y dinámicas del desarrollo constitucional de puerto rico
conforme a la doctrina del debido proceso de ley sustantivo.
117
Puerto Rico fue el objeto de este gran debate en el año 1900. Nuestro
pueblo era eminentemente rural, de casi un millón de habitantes; San
Juan tenía solo 32,048. La tasa de analfabetismo era la más alta de las
Indias Occidentales llegando al 83.2 %. El producto de exportación de
mayor valor era el café, seguido por el azúcar y el tabaco.
118
El liderato local reaccionó a las nuevas realidades y creó dos nuevos
partidos: el Partido Federal y el Republicano, ambos fieles a sus líderes,
Muñoz Rivera y Barbosa. Esa lealtad al líder es uno de los contrastes de
la política puertorriqueña con la de los Estados Unidos.
Las primeras elecciones bajo la Ley Foraker fueron tormentosas. La
redistribución electoral, controlada por el Partido Republicano, junto a
117
McDonald v. Chicago
, 561 U.S. 742 (2010)
Slip opinion
, pp. 16 y 17, notas 12 y 13: A continuación, las partes
pertinentes: «The Court eventually incorporated almost all of the provisions of the Bill of Rights».
12
Only a
handful of the Bill of Rights protections remain unincorporated.
13
12
«With respect to the First Amendment, see
Eversonv.BoardofEd.ofEwing
, 330 U. S. 1 (1947) (Establishment
Clause);
Cantwell v. Connecticut
, 310 U. S. 296 (1940) (Free Exercise Clause);
De Jonge v. Oregon
, 299 U. S. 353
(1937) (freedom of assembly);
Gitlow v. New York
, 268 U. S. 652 (1925) (free speech);
Near v. Minnesota ex rel.
Olson
, 283 U. S. 697 (1931) (freedom of the press).
With respect to the Fourth Amendment, see
Aguilar v. Texas
, 378 U. S. 108 (1964) (warrant requirement);
Mapp v. Ohio
, 367 U. S. 643 (1961) (exclusionary rule);
Wolf v. Colorado
, 338 U. S. 25 (1949) (freedom from
unreasonable searches and seizures).
With respect to the Fifth Amendment, see
Benton v. Maryland
, 395 17 Cite as: 561 U. S. ____ (2010) Opinion
of the Court U. S. 784 (1969) (Double Jeopardy Clause);
Malloy v. Hogan
, 378 U. S. 1 (1964) (privilege against
self-incrimination);
Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Chicago
, 166 U. S. 226 (1897) (Just Compensation Clause).
With respect to the Sixth Amendment, see
Duncan v. Louisiana
, 391 U. S. 145 (1968) (trial by jury in criminal
cases);
Washington v.
Texas
, 388 U. S. 14 (1967) (compulsory process);
Klopfer v. North Carolina
, 386 U. S.
213 (1967) (speedy trial);
Pointer v. Texas
, 380 U. S. 400 (1965) (right to confront adverse witness);
Gideon
v.
Wainwright
, 372 U. S. 335 (1963) (assistance of counsel);
In re Oliver
, 333 U. S. 257 (1948) (right to a public
trial).
With respect to the Eighth Amendment, see
Robinson v. California
, 370 U. S. 660 (1962) (cruel and unusual
punishment);
Schilb v. Kuebel
, 404 U. S. 357 (1971) (prohibition against excessive bail).
We never have decided whether the Third Amendment or the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of excessive
fines applies to the States through the Due Process Clause. See
Browning-Ferris Industries of Vt., Inc. v. Kelco
Disposal, Inc.
, 492 U. S. 257, 276, n. 22 (1989) (declining to decide whether the excessive-fines protection
applies to the States); see also
Engblom v. Carey
, 677 F. 2d 957, 961 (CA2 1982) (holding as a matter of first
impression that the «Third Amendment is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment for application to
the states»).
Our governing decisions regarding the Grand Jury Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the Seventh
Amendment’s civil jury requirement long predate the era of selective incorporation.
With respect to the Eighth Amendment, see
Robinson v. California
, 370 U. S. 660 (1962) (cruel and unusual
punishment);
Schilb v. Kuebel
, 404 U. S. 357 (1971) (prohibition against excessive bail)».
13
«In addition to the right to keep and bear arms (and the Sixth Amendment right to a unanimous jury
verdict, see n. 14,
infra
), the only rights not fully incorporated are (1) the Third Amendment’s protection
against quartering of soldiers; (2) the Fifth Amendment’s grand jury indictment requirement; (3) the
Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial in civil cases; and (4) the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on
excessive fines».
118 José Trías Monge,
Historia constitucional de Puerto Rico
,
Tomo I
,
supra
, pp. 4 y 5.